Melting Technology
Pakadali pano, kusungunula kwa zinthu zopangira mkuwa nthawi zambiri kumatenga ng'anjo yosungunula, komanso kutengera kusungunula kwa ng'anjo yamoto komanso kusungunula ng'anjo ya shaft.
Kusungunula ng'anjo yopangira ng'anjo ndikoyenera kwamitundu yonse yamkuwa ndi ma aloyi amkuwa, ndipo kumakhala ndi mawonekedwe osungunula koyera ndikuwonetsetsa kusungunuka kwabwino. Malinga ndi kapangidwe ka ng'anjo, ng'anjo zopangira ma induction zimagawidwa kukhala ng'anjo zoyambira ndi ng'anjo zopanda coreless. Mng'anjo ya cored induction ili ndi mawonekedwe opangira kwambiri komanso kutentha kwambiri, ndipo ndiyoyenera kusungunuka mosalekeza kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana yamkuwa ndi yamkuwa, monga mkuwa wofiira ndi mkuwa. Mng'anjo ya coreless induction ili ndi mawonekedwe akuthamanga mwachangu komanso kusintha kosavuta kwa mitundu ya alloy. Ndi yoyenera kusungunula ma aloyi amkuwa ndi amkuwa okhala ndi malo osungunuka kwambiri komanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana, monga bronze ndi cupronickel.
Vacuum induction ng'anjo ndi induction ng'anjo yokhala ndi vacuum system, yoyenera kusungunula ma alloys amkuwa ndi amkuwa omwe amasavuta kutulutsa ndi okosijeni, monga mkuwa wopanda okosijeni, mkuwa wa beryllium, mkuwa wa zirconium, mkuwa wa magnesium, ndi zina zambiri.
Reverberatory ng'anjo sungunula akhoza kuyenga ndi kuchotsa zosafunika kusungunuka, ndipo makamaka ntchito kusungunula zidutswa zamkuwa. Ng'anjo ya shaft ndi mtundu wa ng'anjo yosungunuka yomwe imasungunuka mwachangu, yomwe ili ndi ubwino wotentha kwambiri, kusungunuka kwakukulu, komanso kutsekedwa kwa ng'anjo yabwino. Ikhoza kulamulidwa; palibe njira yoyenga, kotero zinthu zambiri zopangira zimayenera kukhala mkuwa wa cathode. Ma shaft ng'anjo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi makina oponyera mosalekeza, ndipo amatha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito popangira ng'anjo zoponyera mosalekeza.
Chitukuko chaukadaulo wosungunula mkuwa chimawonetsedwa makamaka pakuchepetsa kutayika kwa zinthu zopangira, kuchepetsa makutidwe ndi okosijeni ndi mpweya wosungunula, kuwongolera kusungunuka, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwambiri (kusungunuka kwa ng'anjo yolowera ndi yokulirapo kuposa 10 t/h), yayikulu (kuthekera kwa ng'anjo yamoto / ng'anjo yayitali) ndi zaka 1 mpaka 2) ndikupulumutsa mphamvu (mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito ng'anjo yolowera mkati ndi yochepera 360 kW h / t), ng'anjo yosungiramo ng'anjo imakhala ndi chipangizo chochotsera mpweya (CO gassing degassing), ndi ng'anjo yolowera Sensa imagwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe opopera, zida zoyendetsera magetsi zimagwiritsa ntchito bidirectional conversioner furection, ng'anjo yopangira magetsi, magetsi opangira magetsi. chikhalidwe ndi refractory kutentha kuwunika kuwunika ndi dongosolo alamu, ng'anjo yogwirizira ili ndi chipangizo choyezera, ndipo kuwongolera kutentha kumakhala kolondola kwambiri.
Zida Zopangira - Slitting Line
Kupanga kwa chingwe chamkuwa ndikucheka kosalekeza ndi kupanga kosalekeza komwe kumakulitsa koyilo yayikulu kudzera pa chotsegula, kudula koyiloyo m'lifupi lofunikira kudzera mu makina opaka, ndikuibwezeranso m'makoyilo angapo kudzera pawinda.
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(Kutsegula galimoto) Gwiritsani ntchito trolley yodyetsera kuti muyike mpukutu wa zinthu pa ng'oma yotsegula ndikuyimitsa.
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(Uncoiler ndi anti-loosening pressure roller) Tsegulani koyiloyo mothandizidwa ndi kalozera wotsegulira ndi chodzigudubuza.
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(NO · 1 looper ndi swing bridge) yosungirako ndi buffer
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(Edge guide and pinch roller device) Zodzigudubuza zoyimirira zimalondolera pepalalo kuti lizitsina kuti zisinthike, m'lifupi mwake ndi malo ake zimatha kusintha.
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(Slitting makina) lowetsani makina opaka kuti muyike ndikudula
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(Mpando wozungulira wosintha mwachangu) Kusinthana kwamagulu a zida
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(Chida chomangirira) Dulani zidutswa
↓(Tebulo lotsogolera potuluka ndi choyimitsa mchira) Yambitsani NO.2 looper
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(swing Bridge ndi NO.2 looper) kusungirako zinthu ndikuchotsa kusiyana kwa makulidwe
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(Kuthamanga kwa mbale ndi chipangizo cholekanitsa shaft) kumapereka mphamvu yolekana, mbale ndi lamba wolekanitsa
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(Kumeta ubweya wa ubweya, chipangizo choyezera kutalika kwa chiwongolero ndi tebulo lolozera) kuyeza kutalika, kagawo kakang'ono ka koyilo, kalozera wolumikizira tepi
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(winda, chipangizo cholekanitsira, chipangizo chokankhira mbale) cholekanitsa, kukulunga
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(kutsitsa katundu, kulongedza) kutsitsa tepi yamkuwa ndikuyika
Hot Rolling Technology
Kugudubuza kotentha kumagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pakugudubuza kwa ma ingots a mapepala, mizere ndi zojambulazo.
Mafotokozedwe a ingot a kugudubuza kwa billet ayenera kuganizira zinthu monga mitundu ya mankhwala, sikelo yopangira, njira yoponyera, ndi zina zotero, ndipo zimagwirizana ndi momwe zida zogudukira (monga kutsegulira kwa mpukutu, m'mimba mwake, kuthamanga kovomerezeka, mphamvu yamoto, ndi kutalika kwa tebulo), ndi zina zotero. Nthawi zambiri, chiŵerengero cha pakati pa makulidwe a ingot ndi m'mimba mwake wa mpukutuwo ndi 1: (3.5 ~ 7): m'lifupi nthawi zambiri amakhala wofanana kapena kangapo m'lifupi mwake mwa chinthu chomalizidwa, ndipo m'lifupi ndi kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwake ziyenera kuganiziridwa bwino. Kawirikawiri, m'lifupi mwa slab ayenera kukhala 80% ya kutalika kwa thupi la roll. Kutalika kwa ingot kuyenera kuganiziridwa moyenera malinga ndi momwe zinthu ziliri. Nthawi zambiri, poganiza kuti kutentha komaliza kwa kugudubuza kotentha kumatha kuwongoleredwa, kutengera nthawi yayitali, kumapangitsa kuti ntchitoyo ikhale yabwino komanso zokolola zambiri.
Zomwe zimapangidwira m'mafakitale ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati opangira mkuwa nthawi zambiri (60 ~ 150) mm × (220 ~ 450) mm × (2000 ~ 3200) mm, ndipo kulemera kwa ingot ndi 1.5 ~ 3 t; Mafotokozedwe a ingot a zomera zazikulu zopangira mkuwa Nthawi zambiri, ndi (150～250)mm×(630～1250)mm×(2400～8000)mm, ndipo kulemera kwa ingot ndi 4.5～20 t.
Panthawi yotentha yotentha, kutentha kwa mpukutuwo kumakwera kwambiri panthawi yomwe mpukutuwo umakhudzana ndi chidutswa cha kutentha kwambiri. Kuchulukitsa matenthedwe mobwerezabwereza ndi kuzizira kozizira kumayambitsa ming'alu ndi ming'alu pamwamba pa mpukutuwo. Choncho, kuziziritsa ndi mafuta ayenera kuchitidwa pa otentha anagubuduza. Nthawi zambiri, madzi kapena emulsion otsika ndende ntchito monga kuzirala ndi lubricating sing'anga. Chiwopsezo chonse cha kugudubuza kotentha nthawi zambiri chimakhala 90% mpaka 95%. Kukula kwa mzere wozungulira wotentha nthawi zambiri kumakhala 9 mpaka 16 mm. Kupukuta pamwamba pa mizere pambuyo pakugudubuzika kotentha kumatha kuchotsa zigawo za okusayidi, kulowetsa masikelo ndi zolakwika zina zapamtunda zomwe zimapangidwa poponya, kutentha ndi kugudubuza kotentha. Malingana ndi kuopsa kwa zowonongeka zamtundu wotentha-wotentha komanso zofunikira za ndondomekoyi, kuchuluka kwa mphero kumbali iliyonse ndi 0,25 mpaka 0.5 mm.
Nthawi zambiri mphero zogudubuza zotentha zimakhala zokwera ziwiri kapena zinayi. Ndi kukulitsa ingot ndi mosalekeza kutalikitsa kutalika Mzere, mlingo ulamuliro ndi ntchito ya otentha anagubuduza mphero ndi mchitidwe wa mosalekeza kusintha ndi kusintha, monga kugwiritsa ntchito ulamuliro basi makulidwe, hayidiroliki kupinda masikono, kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo ofukula masikono, kokha yozizira masikono popanda kuzirala Kugubuduza chipangizo, TPton mpukutuwo (Taper) kulamulira Intaneti Pinking kugudubuza, kupopera pa intaneti ndi matekinoloje ena kuti apititse patsogolo kufanana kwa kapangidwe ka mizere ndi katundu ndikupeza mbale yabwinoko.
Casting Technology
Kuponyedwa kwa aloyi zamkuwa ndi zamkuwa nthawi zambiri zimagawidwa kukhala: kuponya koyang'ana mosalekeza, kuponyera kokhazikika kopitilira, kuponya mosalekeza, kuponyera m'mwamba mosalekeza ndi matekinoloje ena oponya.
A. Oyimirira Semi-continuous Casting
Oyima theka-opitirira kuponyera ali ndi makhalidwe a zida zosavuta ndi kusinthasintha kupanga, ndipo ndi oyenera kuponyera zosiyanasiyana kuzungulira ndi lathyathyathya ingots zamkuwa ndi kaloti zamkuwa. Njira yopatsira makina oyimirira opitilira theka-opitilira amagawidwa kukhala hydraulic, lead screw ndi chingwe cha waya. Chifukwa ma hydraulic transmission ndi okhazikika, akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Ma crystallizer amatha kugwedezeka ndi matalikidwe osiyanasiyana ndi ma frequency ngati pakufunika. Pakalipano, njira yopangira theka-yopitilira imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga ma ingots amkuwa ndi amkuwa.
B. Kuyimirira kwathunthu Kopitilira Kuponya
Ofufumitsa zonse mosalekeza kuponyera ali ndi makhalidwe a linanena bungwe lalikulu ndi zokolola zambiri (pafupifupi 98%), oyenera lalikulu ndi mosalekeza kupanga ingots ndi zosiyanasiyana limodzi ndi mfundo, ndipo akukhala mmodzi wa waukulu kusankha njira kwa kusungunuka ndi kuponyera ndondomeko pa zamakono zazikulu mizere kupanga mkuwa Mzere kupanga . The ofukula zonse mosalekeza kuponyera nkhungu utenga sanali kukhudzana laser madzi mlingo basi kulamulira. Makina oponyera nthawi zambiri amatenga hydraulic clamping, ma mechanical transmission, pa intaneti mafuta oziziritsidwa tchipisi chowuma ndi kusonkhanitsa chip, kulemba chizindikiro, ndi kupendeketsa ingot. Kapangidwe kake ndi kovuta ndipo digiri ya automation ndi yayikulu.
C. Kuyang'ana Kopitiriza Kuponya
Kuponyera kosalekeza kosalekeza kumatha kutulutsa ma billets ndi waya waya.
Mzere yopingasa mosalekeza kuponyera akhoza kupanga mkuwa ndi mkuwa aloyi n'kupanga ndi makulidwe a 14-20mm. Zovala mu makulidwe osiyanasiyana amenewa akhoza mwachindunji ozizira adagulung'undisa popanda otentha anagubuduza, choncho nthawi zambiri ntchito kupanga kasakaniza wazitsulo kuti n'zovuta otentha mpukutu (monga malata. Phosphor mkuwa, lead mkuwa, etc.), Komanso kutulutsa mkuwa, cupronickel ndi otsika alloyed mkuwa aloyi Mzere. Kutengera ndi m'lifupi mwa chingwe choponyera, kuponya kosalekeza kumatha kutulutsa 1 mpaka 4 nthawi imodzi. Ambiri ntchito yopingasa mosalekeza kuponyera makina akhoza kuponya n'kupanga awiri nthawi imodzi, aliyense ndi m'lifupi zosakwana 450 mm, kapena kuponyera Mzere umodzi ndi Mzere m'lifupi mwake 650-900 mm. Mzere wopingasa mosalekeza umagwiritsa ntchito njira yoponyera kukoka-kuyimitsa-reverse, ndipo pamakhala mizere yowoneka bwino pamtunda, yomwe iyenera kuchotsedwa ndi mphero. Pali zitsanzo zapakhomo za zingwe zamkuwa zapamwamba zomwe zimatha kupangidwa pojambula ndi kuponyera mabatani opanda mphero.
Kuponyedwa kosalekeza kwa chubu, ndodo ndi waya amatha kuponyera ma ingots 1 mpaka 20 nthawi imodzi molingana ndi ma aloyi osiyanasiyana ndi mafotokozedwe. Nthawi zambiri, m'mimba mwake wa bar kapena waya wopanda kanthu ndi 6 mpaka 400 mm, ndipo m'mimba mwake mwa chubu wopanda kanthu ndi 25 mpaka 300 mm. Makulidwe a khoma ndi 5-50 mm, ndi kutalika kwa ingot ndi 20-300 mm. Ubwino wa njira yopingasa mosalekeza yoponyera ndikuti njirayo ndi yaifupi, mtengo wopangira ndi wochepa, komanso magwiridwe antchito apamwamba. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ndi njira yofunikira yopangira zinthu zina za aloyi zomwe sizigwira ntchito bwino. Posachedwapa, ndiyo njira yaikulu yopangira ma billets a zinthu zamkuwa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri monga tin-phosphor bronze strips, zinc-nickel alloy strips, ndi phosphorous-deoxidized copper air-conditioning mapaipi. njira zopangira.
Kuipa kwa yopingasa mosalekeza kuponyera njira kupanga ndi: mitundu yoyenera aloyi ndi osavuta, kumwa graphite zakuthupi mu nkhungu mkati manja ndi lalikulu, ndi yunifolomu dongosolo crystalline wa gawo mtanda wa ingot si kophweka kulamulira. Mbali yapansi ya ingot imakhazikika mosalekeza chifukwa cha mphamvu yokoka, yomwe ili pafupi ndi khoma lamkati la nkhungu, ndipo mbewu zimakhala bwino; kumtunda ndi chifukwa cha mapangidwe mpweya mipata ndi mkulu kusungunula kutentha, amene amachititsa kusakhazikika mu solidification wa ingot, amene amachepetsa kuzirala mlingo ndi kupanga ingot solidification hysteresis. Mapangidwe a crystalline ndi owoneka bwino, omwe amawonekera makamaka kwa ingots zazikulu. Poganizira zolakwika zomwe zili pamwambazi, njira yopindika yopindika ndi billet ikupangidwa pano. Kampani yaku Germany idagwiritsa ntchito chowongolera chopindika chopitilira kuyesa (16-18) mm × 680 mm zingwe zamkuwa monga DHP ndi CuSn6 pa liwiro la 600 mm/min.
D. Kuponya Mmwamba Mopitirira
Kuponyera mmwamba mosalekeza ndi teknoloji yoponyera yomwe yakula mofulumira m'zaka 20 mpaka 30 zapitazo, ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga mapepala a waya kwa ndodo zonyezimira zamkuwa. Imagwiritsa ntchito mfundo yoponya vacuum suction ndikutengera ukadaulo woyimitsa-koka kuti izindikire kutulutsa mitu yambiri mosalekeza. Ili ndi mawonekedwe a zida zosavuta, ndalama zazing'ono, kutaya zitsulo zochepa, komanso njira zochepa zowononga chilengedwe. Kuponyera m'mwamba mosalekeza kumakhala koyenera kupanga mabiloti a waya amkuwa ofiira komanso opanda mpweya. Kupambana kwatsopano komwe kwachitika m'zaka zaposachedwa ndikutchuka kwake ndikugwiritsa ntchito m'machubu amitundu yayikulu, mkuwa ndi cupronickel. Pakalipano, gawo lopitirira lopitirira lopitirira lomwe limatulutsa 5,000 t pachaka ndi m'mimba mwake kuposa Φ100 mm lapangidwa; ma billet wamba wamba wamba ndi zinc-white copper ternary alloy wire billets apangidwa, ndipo zokolola za waya zimatha kufika kupitirira 90%.
E. Njira Zina Zoponyera
Ukadaulo wopitilira aponyera wa billet ukupangidwa. Zimagonjetsa zolakwika monga zizindikiro za slub zomwe zimapangidwira kunja kwa billet chifukwa cha kuyimitsa-kukoka kwa kuponyedwa kosalekeza, ndipo khalidwe lapamwamba ndi labwino kwambiri. Ndipo chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake olimba kwambiri, mawonekedwe amkati amakhala ofananirako komanso oyera, kotero kuti magwiridwe antchito amakhalanso abwinoko. Ukadaulo wopanga mtundu wa lamba wopitilira kuponya waya wamkuwa wakhala ukugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mizere yayikulu yopangira pamwamba pa matani atatu. Dera lagawo la slab nthawi zambiri limapitilira 2000 mm2, ndipo limatsatiridwa ndi mphero yosalekeza yokhala ndi luso lopanga kwambiri.
Kutulutsa kwamagetsi kwayesedwa m'dziko langa koyambirira kwa 1970s, koma kupanga mafakitale sikunachitike. M'zaka zaposachedwa, ukadaulo wopanga ma elekitiroma wapita patsogolo kwambiri. Pakalipano, ma ingots a mkuwa opanda okosijeni a Φ200 mm adaponyedwa bwino ndi malo osalala. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi yomwe imasungunuka imatha kulimbikitsa kutulutsa ndi kuchotsa slag, ndipo mkuwa wopanda mpweya wokhala ndi mpweya wochepera 0.001% ukhoza kupezeka.
Malangizo a luso latsopano mkuwa aloyi kuponyera ndi kusintha kapangidwe nkhungu kudzera kulimbitsa Directional, kulimbitsa mofulumira, theka-olimba kupanga, electromagnetic yogwira mtima, mankhwala metamorphic, kulamulira basi mlingo madzi ndi njira zina luso malinga ndi chiphunzitso solidification. , kachulukidwe, kuyeretsedwa, ndi kuzindikira kugwira ntchito kosalekeza ndi kupanga pafupi-mapeto.
M'kupita kwa nthawi, kuponyedwa kwa aloyi zamkuwa ndi zamkuwa kudzakhala kugwirizana kwa teknoloji yoponyera mosalekeza ndi luso lamakono loponyera mosalekeza, ndipo gawo logwiritsira ntchito laukadaulo wopitilira lipitilira kukula.
Cold Rolling Technology
Malinga ndi ndondomeko ya mizere yopindidwa ndi ndondomeko yogudubuza, kugudubuza kozizira kumagawidwa kukhala kuphulika, kugudubuza kwapakati ndi kutsirizitsa. Njira yozizira yopukutira chingwe ndi makulidwe a 14 mpaka 16 mm ndi billet yotentha yokhala ndi makulidwe a 5 mpaka 16 mm mpaka 2 mpaka 6 mm imatchedwa kufalikira, ndipo njira yopitilira kuchepetsa makulidwe a chidutswacho chimatchedwa kugudubuza kwapakatikati. , kugudubuza komaliza kozizira kuti tikwaniritse zofunikira za mankhwala omalizidwa kumatchedwa finish rolling.
Kuzizira kozizira kumafunika kuwongolera dongosolo lochepetsera (chiwerengero chonse cha processing, kuchuluka kwa kuphatikizika ndi kumalizidwa kwazinthu zopangira) molingana ndi ma alloys osiyanasiyana, mawonekedwe ogubuduza ndi zofunikira zomaliza zantchito, sankhani momveka bwino ndikusintha mawonekedwe a mpukutuwo, ndikusankha moyenera njira yothira mafuta ndi mafuta. Kuyeza kwamphamvu ndi kusintha.
Mphero zoziziritsa zozizira nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito mphero zogudubuza zotalika zinayi kapena zingapo. Masiku ano mphero zozizira zozizira nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito umisiri wosiyanasiyana monga hydraulic positive and negative roll kupinda, kuwongolera zokha makulidwe, kukakamizidwa ndi kukangana, kuyenda kwa axial kwa mipukutu, kuziziritsa kwagawo, kuwongolera mawonekedwe a mbale, ndikusinthana kokha kwa zidutswa zogubuduzika, kuti kulondola kwa mzerewo kukhale bwino. Kufikira 0.25 ± 0.005 mm ndi mkati mwa 5I ya mawonekedwe a mbale.
Chitukuko chaukadaulo wodzigudubuza wozizira chikuwonekera pakukula ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphero zolondola kwambiri, zothamanga kwambiri, makulidwe olondola amizere ndikuwongolera mawonekedwe, ndi matekinoloje othandizira monga kuzirala, kuthira mafuta, kupopera, kuyika pakati ndikusintha mwachangu mpukutu. kusintha, etc.
Zida Zopangira-Bell Ng'anjo
ng'anjo za mtsuko wa Bell ndi ng'anjo zonyamulira nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafakitale komanso mayeso oyendetsa ndege. Nthawi zambiri, mphamvu ndi yayikulu komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kumakhala kwakukulu. Kwa mabizinesi akumafakitale, zida za ng'anjo za Luoyang Sigma zokweza ng'anjo ndi ceramic fiber, yomwe imakhala ndi mphamvu yopulumutsa mphamvu, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa. Sungani magetsi ndi nthawi, zomwe zimapindulitsa kuonjezera kupanga.
Zaka makumi awiri ndi zisanu zapitazo, BRANDS yaku Germany ndi Philips, kampani yotsogola pantchito yopanga ma ferrite, mogwirizana adapanga makina atsopano opangira sintering. Kupanga zida izi kumakwaniritsa zosowa zapadera zamakampani a ferrite. Panthawiyi, BRANDS Bell Furnace imasinthidwa mosalekeza.
Amamvetsera zosowa za makampani odziwika padziko lonse lapansi monga Philips, Siemens, TDK, FDK, ndi zina zotero, zomwe zimapindulanso kwambiri ndi zipangizo zamakono za BRANDS.
Chifukwa cha kukhazikika kwazinthu zopangidwa ndi ng'anjo za belu, ng'anjo za belu zakhala makampani apamwamba kwambiri pamakampani opanga ferrite. Zaka makumi awiri ndi zisanu zapitazo, ng'anjo yoyamba yopangidwa ndi BRANDS ikupangabe zinthu zapamwamba kwambiri za Philips.
Chikhalidwe chachikulu cha ng'anjo ya sintering yoperekedwa ndi ng'anjo ya belu ndikuchita bwino kwambiri. Dongosolo lake lanzeru lowongolera ndi zida zina zimapanga gawo lathunthu logwira ntchito, lomwe limatha kukwaniritsa zofunikira pafupifupi zamakono zamakampani a ferrite.
Makasitomala a ng'anjo ya Bell jar amatha kukonza ndikusunga kutentha / mlengalenga komwe kumafunikira kuti apange zinthu zapamwamba kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, makasitomala amatha kupanganso zinthu zina zilizonse munthawi yake malinga ndi zosowa zenizeni, potero kufupikitsa nthawi zotsogola ndikuchepetsa mtengo. Zida za sintering ziyenera kukhala zosinthika bwino kuti zipange zinthu zosiyanasiyana kuti zigwirizane ndi zosowa za msika. Izi zikutanthauza kuti zinthu zofananira ziyenera kupangidwa molingana ndi zosowa za kasitomala aliyense.
Wopanga ferrite wabwino amatha kupanga maginito opitilira 1000 kuti akwaniritse zosowa zapadera za makasitomala. Izi zimafuna kukwanitsa kubwereza ndondomeko ya sintering molondola kwambiri. Makina a ng'anjo ya Bell jar akhala ng'anjo wamba kwa onse opanga ma ferrite.
M'makampani a ferrite, ng'anjozi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa komanso μ mtengo wa ferrite, makamaka m'makampani olankhulana. Sizingatheke kupanga makina apamwamba kwambiri popanda ng'anjo ya belu.
The ng'anjo belu amafuna opareshoni ochepa pa sintering, potsegula ndi katundu akhoza anamaliza masana, ndi sintering akhoza kutha usiku, kuloleza nsonga amete wa magetsi, amene ndi zothandiza kwambiri masiku ano kusowa mphamvu. Zida za Bell jar zimatulutsa zinthu zapamwamba kwambiri, ndipo ndalama zonse zowonjezera zimabwezeredwa mwachangu chifukwa chazinthu zapamwamba kwambiri. Kutentha ndi kuwongolera mlengalenga, kapangidwe ka ng'anjo ndi kuwongolera mpweya mkati mwa ng'anjo zonse zimaphatikizidwa bwino kuti zitsimikizire kutentha ndi kuzizira kwazinthu zofanana. Kuwongolera kwa mpweya wa ng'anjo panthawi yozizira kumagwirizana mwachindunji ndi kutentha kwa ng'anjo ndipo kungathe kutsimikizira kuti mpweya wa 0.005% kapena wotsika kwambiri. Ndipo izi ndi zinthu zomwe mpikisano wathu sangathe kuchita.
Chifukwa cha pulogalamu yathunthu ya zilembo za alphanumeric, njira zowerengera nthawi yayitali zitha kutsatiridwa mosavuta, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zinthu zili bwino. Pogulitsa chinthu, zimasonyezanso ubwino wa mankhwalawo.
Tekinoloje ya Chithandizo cha Kutentha
Ma alloy ingots ochepa (mikwingwirima) yokhala ndi tsankho lalikulu la dendrite kapena kupsinjika, monga tin-phosphor bronze, amafunikira kulumikizidwa mwapadera kwa homogenization, komwe nthawi zambiri kumachitika mung'anjo ya belu. The homogenization annealing kutentha zambiri pakati 600 ndi 750 ° C.
Pakali pano, ambiri a annealing wapakatikati (recrystallization annealing) ndi anamaliza annealing (annealing kulamulira dziko ndi ntchito mankhwala) n'kupanga copper aloyi n'kupanga ndi owala annealed ndi gasi chitetezo. Mitundu ya ng'anjoyo ndi monga ng'anjo ya belu, ng'anjo ya mpweya, ng'anjo yowongoka, ndi zina zotero. Kuchotsa mpweya wa okosijeni kukutha.
Chitukuko chaukadaulo waukadaulo wochizira kutentha chikuwonekera pakuwotcha kwapaintaneti kwamankhwala opangira mvula yolimbitsa ma aloyi ndi ukadaulo wowongolera kutentha wotsatira, kupitilira kowala kopitilira muyeso komanso kukangana kwamphamvu m'malo otetezedwa.
Quenching - Chithandizo cha kutentha kwaukalamba chimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pakulimbitsa kutentha kwa ma aloyi amkuwa. Kupyolera mu chithandizo cha kutentha, mankhwalawa amasintha microstructure yake ndikupeza zofunikira zapadera. Ndi chitukuko champhamvu kwambiri komanso ma alloys apamwamba kwambiri, njira yozimitsira kutentha kwaukalamba idzagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Zida zochizira zokalamba ndizofanana ndi zida zowotchera.
Extrusion Technology
Extrusion ndi chitoliro chokhwima komanso chotsogola chamkuwa ndi aloyi yamkuwa, ndodo, kupanga mbiri ndi njira yoperekera billet. Posintha kufa kapena kugwiritsa ntchito njira ya perforation extrusion, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya aloyi ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana amkati amatha kutulutsidwa mwachindunji. Kupyolera mu extrusion, mawonekedwe opangidwa ndi ingot amasinthidwa kukhala mawonekedwe okonzedwa, ndipo extruded chubu billet ndi bar billet imakhala yolondola kwambiri, ndipo mawonekedwe ake ndi abwino komanso ofanana. The extrusion njira ndi kupanga njira ambiri ntchito m'banja ndi akunja mkuwa chitoliro ndi ndodo opanga.
Copper alloy forging imachitika makamaka ndi opanga makina m'dziko langa, makamaka kuphatikiza zida zaulere komanso zofota, monga magiya akulu, magiya a nyongolotsi, nyongolotsi, mphete zamagalimoto zama synchronizer, ndi zina zambiri.
The extrusion njira akhoza kugawidwa mu mitundu itatu: kutsogolo extrusion, m'mbuyo extrusion ndi extrusion wapadera. Pakati pawo, pali ntchito zambiri za kutsogolo extrusion, n'zosiyana extrusion ntchito kupanga ang'onoang'ono ndi sing'anga-kakulidwe ndodo ndi mawaya, ndipo extrusion wapadera ntchito kupanga wapadera.
Pamene extruding, malinga ndi katundu wa aloyi, luso amafuna mankhwala extruded, ndi mphamvu ndi dongosolo extruder, mtundu, kukula ndi extrusion koyefishienti wa ingot ayenera zomveka anasankha, kotero kuti digiri mapindikidwe si zosakwana 85%. Kutentha kwa extrusion ndi kuthamanga kwa extrusion ndizozigawo zoyambirira za ndondomeko ya extrusion, ndipo kutentha kwa kutentha kwapadera kumayenera kutsimikiziridwa molingana ndi chithunzi cha pulasitiki ndi chithunzi cha gawo lachitsulo. Pazitsulo zamkuwa ndi zamkuwa, kutentha kwa extrusion nthawi zambiri kumakhala pakati pa 570 ndi 950 ° C, ndipo kutentha kwa extrusion kuchokera ku mkuwa kumakhala kokwera kwambiri mpaka 1000 mpaka 1050 °C. Poyerekeza ndi kutentha kwa silinda ya extrusion ya 400 mpaka 450 ° C, kusiyana kwa kutentha pakati pa ziwirizi ndikwambiri. Ngati kuthamanga kwa extrusion kumakhala kochepa kwambiri, kutentha kwa pamwamba pa ingot kumatsika mofulumira kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kusagwirizana kwazitsulo zachitsulo, zomwe zingayambitse kuwonjezeka kwa katundu wa extrusion, ndipo ngakhale kuyambitsa chodabwitsa. Choncho, kasakaniza wazitsulo zamkuwa ndi zamkuwa nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito Extrusion yothamanga kwambiri, kuthamanga kwa extrusion kumatha kufika kupitirira 50 mm/s.
Pamene ma aloyi amkuwa ndi amkuwa atulutsidwa, peeling extrusion nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchotsa zolakwika za ingot, ndipo makulidwe a peeling ndi 1-2 m. Kusindikiza kwamadzi nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pakutuluka kwa billet ya extrusion, kotero kuti mankhwalawa amatha kuzirala mu thanki yamadzi pambuyo pa extrusion, ndipo pamwamba pa chinthucho sichikhala ndi oxidized, ndipo kuzizira kotsatira kumatha kuchitika popanda pickling. Iwo amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito lalikulu-tonnage extruder ndi synchronous kutenga-mmwamba chipangizo extrude chubu kapena waya coils ndi kulemera limodzi oposa 500 makilogalamu, kuti bwino bwino kupanga dzuwa ndi mabuku zokolola za zinayendera wotsatira. Pakali pano, kupanga mipope mkuwa ndi mkuwa aloyi zambiri utenga yopingasa hayidiroliki patsogolo extruders ndi dongosolo palokha perforation (kawiri-zochita) ndi mwachindunji mafuta mpope kufala, ndi kupanga mipiringidzo makamaka utenga sanali palokha perforation dongosolo (chimodzi-chinthu) ndi mafuta mpope mwachindunji kufala. Chopingasa hayidiroliki kutsogolo kapena kumbuyo extruder. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri ndi 8-50 MN, ndipo tsopano zimakonda kupangidwa ndi ma tonnage akuluakulu pamwamba pa 40 MN kuti awonjezere kulemera kwa ingot, potero kumapangitsa kuti ntchito ikhale yabwino komanso yokolola.
Masiku ano yopingasa hayidiroliki extruders ndi structural okonzeka ndi prestressed chophatikiza chimango, extrusion mbiya "X" chiwongolero ndi thandizo, anamanga-perforation dongosolo, perforation singano mkati kuzirala, kutsetsereka kapena rotary kufa seti ndi mofulumira Die kusintha chipangizo, mkulu-mphamvu variable mafuta mpope mwachindunji galimoto, Integrated logic valavu, PLC kulamulira ndi zipangizo zamakono, zipangizo zamakono, zipangizo zamakono, PLC ndi zina zotero. ntchito, kutsekeka kotetezeka, komanso kuwongolera pulogalamu yosavuta kuzindikira. Ukadaulo wopitilira muyeso (Conform) wapita patsogolo mzaka khumi zapitazi, makamaka popanga mipiringidzo yokhala ngati mawonekedwe apadera monga mawaya amagetsi amagetsi, zomwe zimalonjeza kwambiri. M'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, teknoloji yatsopano ya extrusion yakula mofulumira, ndipo chitukuko cha teknoloji ya extrusion chikuphatikizidwa motere: (1) Zida zowonjezera. Mphamvu ya extrusion ya makina osindikizira a extrusion idzakula kwambiri, ndipo makina osindikizira oposa 30MN adzakhala thupi lalikulu, ndipo makina opanga makina osindikizira akupitirizabe kusintha. Makina amakono a extrusion adatengera kuwongolera kwamapulogalamu apakompyuta ndi kuwongolera malingaliro osinthika, kotero kuti magwiridwe antchito amawongoleredwa bwino, ogwira ntchito amachepetsedwa kwambiri, ndipo ndizothekanso kuzindikira mizere yongopanga yopanda anthu.
Kapangidwe ka thupi la extruder wakhalanso mosalekeza bwino ndi wangwiro. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, ena yopingasa extruders atengera prestressed chimango kuonetsetsa bata lonse dongosolo. The extruder yamakono amazindikira kutsogolo ndi m'mbuyo extrusion njira. The extruder ili ndi ma shaft awiri a extrusion (main extrusion shaft ndi kufa shaft). Pa extrusion, silinda ya extrusion imayenda ndi shaft yayikulu. Panthawiyi, mankhwalawo ndi Mayendedwe otuluka amagwirizana ndi mayendedwe osunthira a shaft yayikulu komanso moyang'anizana ndi komwe kumayenda kwa axis kufa. Mafasi a extruder amatengeranso kasinthidwe ka masiteshoni angapo, zomwe sizimangothandizira kusintha kwa kufa, komanso zimathandizira kupanga bwino. Extruders yamakono ntchito laser kupatuka kusintha kulamulira chipangizo, amene amapereka deta ogwira boma la mzere extrusion pakati, amene ndi yabwino kwa yake ndi mofulumira kusintha. Makina osindikizira apamwamba kwambiri a hydraulic hydraulic omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mafuta monga cholumikizira chalowa m'malo mwa hydraulic press. Zida zowonjezera zimasinthidwanso nthawi zonse ndi chitukuko cha luso la extrusion. Singano yoboola m'madzi yamkati yalimbikitsidwa kwambiri, ndipo kuboola ndi kugudubuza kosinthasintha kumawonjezera mphamvu yamafuta. Mitundu ya Ceramic ndi zitsulo za alloy zokhala ndi moyo wautali komanso zapamwamba zapamwamba zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.
Zida zowonjezera zimasinthidwanso nthawi zonse ndi chitukuko cha luso la extrusion. Singano yoboola m'madzi yamkati yalimbikitsidwa kwambiri, ndipo kuboola ndi kugudubuza kosinthasintha kumawonjezera mphamvu yamafuta. Kugwiritsa ntchito nkhungu za ceramic ndi aloyi zitsulo zokhala ndi moyo wautali komanso zapamwamba zapamwamba ndizodziwika kwambiri. (2) Njira yopangira ma Extrusion. The mitundu ndi specifications extruded mankhwala nthawi zonse kukula. Kutulutsa kwa kagawo kakang'ono, machubu apamwamba kwambiri, ndodo, mbiri ndi mbiri zazikulu kwambiri zimatsimikizira maonekedwe a zinthu, zimachepetsa zolakwika zamkati mwazinthu, zimachepetsa kutayika kwa geometric, ndikulimbikitsanso njira zowonjezera monga yunifolomu ya mankhwala otulutsidwa. Ukadaulo wamakono wa reverse extrusion umagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri. Pakuti mosavuta oxidized zitsulo, madzi chisindikizo extrusion anatengera, amene angathe kuchepetsa pickling kuipitsa, kuchepetsa imfa zitsulo, ndi kusintha pamwamba khalidwe la mankhwala. Pazinthu zowonjezera zomwe zimayenera kuzimitsidwa, ingolamulirani kutentha koyenera. The madzi chisindikizo extrusion njira akhoza kukwaniritsa cholinga, mogwira kufupikitsa mkombero kupanga ndi kupulumutsa mphamvu.
Ndi mosalekeza kusintha kwa mphamvu extruder ndi luso extrusion, ukadaulo wamakono extrusion wakhala pang'onopang'ono ntchito, monga extrusion isothermal, kuzirala kufa extrusion, mkulu-liwiro extrusion ndi umisiri wina kutsogolo extrusion, n'zosiyana extrusion, hydrostatic extrusion The ntchito zothandiza mosalekeza extrusion umisiri wa kukanikiza ndi Conformosite extrusion ufa wosanjikiza otsika ndi ntchito extrusion wosanjikiza umisiri wapamwamba kwambiri. zipangizo, chitukuko cha njira zatsopano monga theka-olimba zitsulo extrusion ndi Mipikisano akusowekapo extrusion, chitukuko cha magawo ang'onoang'ono mwatsatanetsatane Cold extrusion kupanga luso, etc., akhala mofulumira anayamba ndipo ambiri anayamba ndi ntchito.
Spectrometer
Spectroscope ndi chida chasayansi chomwe chimawola kuwala kokhala ndi zovuta m'mizere yowoneka bwino. Kuwala kwamitundu isanu ndi iwiri mu kuwala kwa dzuwa ndi gawo lomwe diso lamaliseche limatha kusiyanitsa (kuwala kowoneka), koma ngati kuwala kwadzuwa kumavunda ndi spectrometer ndikukonzedwa molingana ndi kutalika kwa mawonekedwe, kuwala kowoneka kumangotenga gawo laling'ono mu sipekitiramu, ndipo ena onse ndi ma spectrum omwe sangathe kulekanitsidwa ndi maliseche, monga kuwala kwa infuraredi, ma microwave, ma X-rays, ma X-rays, ma X-rays, ndi zina. spectrometer, yopangidwa ndi filimu yojambulira zithunzi, kapena yowonetsedwa ndikuwunikidwa ndi chida chowonera manambala pakompyuta, kuti muwone zomwe zili m'nkhaniyi. Ukadaulo uwu umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pozindikira kuwonongeka kwa mpweya, kuipitsidwa kwamadzi, ukhondo wazakudya, mafakitale azitsulo, ndi zina zambiri.
Spectrometer, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti spectrometer, imadziwika kuti spectrometer yowerengera molunjika. Chida chomwe chimayesa kukula kwa mizere yowoneka bwino pamafunde osiyanasiyana okhala ndi ma photodetectors monga machubu a photomultiplier. Zimapangidwa ndi khomo lolowera, njira yobalalitsira, makina ojambulira ndi njira imodzi kapena zingapo zotuluka. Ma radiation a electromagnetic a gwero la radiation amapatulidwa kudera lofunikira la wavelength kapena wavelength ndi chinthu chobalalika, ndipo kulimba kwake kumayesedwa pa utali wosankhidwa (kapena kusanthula gulu linalake). Pali mitundu iwiri ya monochromators ndi polychromators.
Kuyesa Instrument-Conductivity Meter
Digital hand-hold metal conductivity tester (conductivity mita) FD-101 imagwiritsa ntchito mfundo yodziwikiratu eddy pano ndipo idapangidwa mwapadera malinga ndi zomwe zimafunikira pamakampani amagetsi. Zimakwaniritsa miyezo yoyesera yamakampani azitsulo potengera ntchito komanso kulondola.
1. Eddy pano ma conductivity mita FD-101 ili ndi atatu apadera:
1) mita yokhayo yaku China yomwe yadutsa kutsimikizira kwa Institute of Aeronautical Equipment;
2) mita yokhayo yaku China yomwe ingakwaniritse zosowa zamakampani opanga ndege;
3) The Chinese madutsidwe mita zimagulitsidwa ku mayiko ambiri.
2. Chiyambi cha ntchito:
1) Kuyeza kwakukulu: 6.9% IACS-110% IACS (4.0MS/m-64MS/m), yomwe imakumana ndi mayeso a conductivity a zitsulo zonse zopanda chitsulo.
2) Kuwongolera mwanzeru: mwachangu komanso molondola, kupeweratu zolakwika zakusintha kwamanja.
3) Chidacho chili ndi chiwongola dzanja chabwino cha kutentha: kuwerengera kumangoperekedwa kwa mtengo wa 20 ° C, ndipo kuwongolera sikukhudzidwa ndi zolakwika zaumunthu.
4) Kukhazikika kwabwino: ndikukutetezani kwanu pakuwongolera khalidwe.
5) Mapulogalamu anzeru opangidwa ndi anthu: Imakubweretserani mawonekedwe omasuka ozindikira komanso ntchito zamphamvu zokonza ndi kusonkhanitsa deta.
6) Kuchita bwino: malo opangira ndi labotale angagwiritsidwe ntchito paliponse, ndikupindula ndi ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri.
7) Kudzilowetsa m'malo mwa ma probe: Wolandira aliyense akhoza kukhala ndi ma probe angapo, ndipo ogwiritsa ntchito amatha kuwasintha nthawi iliyonse.
8) Kusintha kwa manambala: 0.1%IACS (MS/m)
9) Mawonekedwe oyezera nthawi imodzi amawonetsa miyeso mu magawo awiri a%IACS ndi MS/m.
10) Ili ndi ntchito yosunga deta yoyezera.
Hardness Tester
Chidacho chimatenga mapangidwe apadera komanso olondola pamakina, optics ndi gwero lowala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chithunzithunzi cha indentation chimveke bwino komanso muyeso wolondola kwambiri. Ma lens onse a 20x ndi 40x amatha kutenga nawo gawo pakuyezera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti muyeso ukhale waukulu komanso kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri. Chidacho chili ndi maikulosikopu yoyezera digito, yomwe imatha kuwonetsa njira yoyesera, mphamvu yoyesera, kutalika kwa indentation, kuuma kwa mtengo, mphamvu yoyesera yogwira nthawi, nthawi yoyezera, ndi zina zambiri pawindo lamadzimadzi, ndipo ili ndi mawonekedwe a ulusi omwe angagwirizane ndi kamera ya digito ndi kamera ya CCD. Iwo ali ena representness mu mankhwala zoweta mutu.
Kuyesa kwa Instrument-Resistivity Detector
Chida choyezera chachitsulo chachitsulo ndi chida choyezera kwambiri pamagawo monga waya, resistivity bar ndi ma conductivity amagetsi. Kuchita kwake kumagwirizana kwathunthu ndi zofunikira zaukadaulo mu GB/T3048.2 ndi GB/T3048.4. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri muzitsulo, mphamvu zamagetsi, waya ndi chingwe, zipangizo zamagetsi, makoleji ndi mayunivesite, magulu a kafukufuku wa sayansi ndi mafakitale ena.
Zofunikira zazikulu za chida:
(1) Imaphatikiza ukadaulo wapamwamba wamagetsi, ukadaulo wa single-chip ndi ukadaulo wodziwikiratu, wokhala ndi ntchito yolimba yodzipangira okha komanso ntchito yosavuta;
(2) Ingosindikizani kiyi kamodzi, zoyezera zonse zitha kupezeka popanda kuwerengera, zoyenera kudziwika mosalekeza, mwachangu komanso molondola;
(3) Mapangidwe a batri, kukula kochepa, kosavuta kunyamula, koyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kumunda ndi kumunda;
(4) Chotchinga chachikulu, font yayikulu, imatha kuwonetsa resistivity, conductivity, kukana ndi miyeso ina yoyezera ndi kutentha, mayeso apano, chiwongolero cha kutentha ndi magawo ena othandizira nthawi yomweyo, mwachilengedwe;
(5) Makina amodzi ali ndi zolinga zambiri, okhala ndi miyeso ya 3 yolumikizira, yomwe ndi kondakitala resistivity ndi mawonekedwe a conductivity muyeso, chingwe chokwanira chizindikiro mawonekedwe mawonekedwe, ndi chingwe DC kukana muyeso mawonekedwe (TX-300B mtundu);
(6) Muyezo uliwonse uli ndi ntchito zosankha zokha zapano, kusinthasintha kwaposachedwa, kukonza zero zero, ndikuwongolera kutentha kwamoto kuti zitsimikizire kulondola kwa muyeso uliwonse;
(7) Choyeserera chapadera cha ma terminal anayi ndi oyenera kuyeza mwachangu zida zosiyanasiyana komanso mawaya kapena mipiringidzo;
(8) Memory ya data yomangidwa, yomwe imatha kujambula ndikusunga ma seti 1000 a data yoyezera ndi magawo oyezera, ndikulumikizana ndi makompyuta apamwamba kuti apange lipoti lathunthu.